Nonbinary and Transgender Identities and Earnings: Evidence from a National Census

Carpenter, Christopher S.; Feir, Donn; Pendakur, Krishna; Warman, Casey

doi:10.1257/aeri.20240571

Abstract

We provide the first evidence from a large population Census on earnings disparities experienced by nonbinary people鈥攖hose who do not exclusively identify as men or women鈥攁nd transgender people鈥攖hose whose gender differs from their sex assigned at birth, relative to cisgender people. Using restricted-access 2021 Canadian Census data linked to tax records, we find that nonbinary individuals assigned male at birth, transgender men, transgender women, and cisgender women all earn significantly less than comparable cisgender men. Nonbinary individuals assigned female at birth experience an additional earnings penalty. Differences in job sorting explain a large share of these disparities.

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