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We analyze nearly 70 million scientific articles to estimate the gender dynamics in the commercialization of science. We report a gender gap of 14%, which does not appear to be explained
either by the quality of the science or by its commercial potential. The gap is widest among papers
with female last authors (i.e., lab head or principal investigator) even when publishing high-quality
science. However, the gap vanishes when authors self-commercialize discoveries via new ventures,
and the gap is reduced when commercializing in cooperation with firms that are smaller or that
have more female inventors.
