Journal of Economic Perspectives
ISSN 0895-3309 (Print) | ISSN 1944-7965 (Online)
A Linear Panel Model with Heterogeneous Coefficients and Variation in Exposure
Journal of Economic Perspectives
(pp. 193–204)
(Complimentary)
Abstract
Linear panel models featuring unit and time fixed effects appear in many areas of empirical economics. An active literature studies the interpretation of the ordinary least squares estimator of the model, commonly called the two-way fixed effects (TWFE) estimator, in the presence of unmodeled coefficient heterogeneity. We illustrate some implications for the case where the research design takes advantage of variation across units (say, US states) in exposure to some treatment (say, a policy change). In this case, the TWFE can fail to estimate the average (or even a weighted average) of the units' coefficients. Under some conditions, there exists no estimator that is guaranteed to estimate even a weighted average. Building on the literature, we note that when there is a unit totally unaffected by treatment, it is possible to estimate an average effect by replacing the TWFE with an average of difference-in-differences estimators.Citation
Sun, Liyang, and Jesse M. Shapiro. 2022. "A Linear Panel Model with Heterogeneous Coefficients and Variation in Exposure." Journal of Economic Perspectives 36 (4): 193–204. DOI: 10.1257/jep.36.4.193Additional Materials
JEL Classification
- C23 Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models
- H51 National Government Expenditures and Health
- I13 Health Insurance, Public and Private
- I18 Health: Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
- J14 Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-labor Market Discrimination