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Gendered Impacts of COVID-19 in Developing Countries

By Titan Alon, Matthias Doepke, Kristina Manysheva, and ²Ñ¾±³¦³óè±ô±ð Tertilt

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

In many high-income economies, the COVID-19 recession has resulted in unprecedented declines in women's employment. We examine how the forces that underlie this observation play out in developing countries. A force affecting high- and low-income countries...

Is Remote Sensing Data Useful for Studying the Association between Pandemic-Related Changes in Economic Activity and Intimate Partner Violence?

By Jorge M. ´¡²µ³Ü̈±ð°ù´Ç, Erica Field, Ignacio Rodriguez Hurtado, and Javier Romero

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

Using a survey conducted in Peru, we explore the use of remote sensing data in predicting income and intimate partner violence (IPV). We find that remote sensing measures correctly predict short-run changes in income during the COVID-19 pandemic. However,...

Black Land Loss: 1920−1997

By Dania V. Francis, Darrick Hamilton, Thomas W. Mitchell, Nathan A. Rosenberg, and Bryce Wilson Stucki

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

Black agricultural land ownership was at a peak just after the turn of the twentieth century; however, there was a nearly 90 percent decline in ownership from 1910 to 1997. In this paper, we use US Census of Agriculture data to estimate that the present, ...

Intersectionality and Financial Inclusion in the United States

By Vicki L. Bogan and Sarah E. Wolfolds

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

Recent estimates indicate approximately 8.4 million US households are unbanked with an additional 24.2 million US households classified as underbanked. We focus on intersectionality, specifically the intersection of race and gender, to better understand t...

At the Intersection of Race, Occupational Status, and Middle-Class Attainment in Young Adulthood

By Fenaba R. Addo

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 cohort, the study explores the intersection of labor force attachment and economic inequality. Using a wealth-based definition of middle-class status, changes in wealth inequality among the wor...

Child-to-Parent Intergenerational Transfers, Social Security, and Child Wealth Building

By Andria Smythe

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

I study the relationship among child-to-parent transfers, parents' social security eligibility, and child wealth building. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and a regression discontinuity approach, I find that the wealth of adult children...

A General Solution to the Problem of Setting Optimal Default Options

By B. Douglas Bernheim and Jonas Mueller-Gastell

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

We examine the problem of setting optimal default options such as passively selected contribution rates in employee-directed pension plans. Existing results suggest that a simple rule of thumb, opt-out minimization, is optimal under special conditions, bu...

Present Bias Causes and Then Dissipates Auto-enrollment Savings Effects

By John Beshears, James Choi, David Laibson, and Peter Maxted

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

Present bias causes procrastination, which leads households to stick with auto-enrollment defaults. However, present bias also engenders overconsumption. Separation from each employer generates a rollover of 401(k) balances to an individual retirement acc...

Do State-Sponsored Retirement Plans Boost Retirement Saving?

By John Chalmers, Olivia S. Mitchell, Jonathan Reuter, and Mingli Zhong

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

Oregon recently launched an automatic-enrollment retirement savings program for private sector workers lacking access to other workplace retirement plans. We analyze participation choices, account balances, and inflow/outflow data using administrative rec...

Precautionary Liquidity and Retirement Saving

By Marie Briere, James Poterba, and Ariane Szafarz

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

Precautionary demand for liquidity manifests itself as a preference for holding assets in an accessible form not because of any current liquidity need but because of a possible future need. We explore such demand by analyzing employer-sponsored retirement...

Border Fencing, Migrant Flows, and Crossing Deaths

By Cynthia Bansak, Abigail Hall Blanco, and Michael Coon

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

Using data from the US Customs and Border Protection and novel data on border fencing, we examine how the construction of border fencing under the Secure Fence Act influenced crossing decisions and the likelihood of migrant deaths. Apprehension data sugge...

Put on ICE? Effects of Immigration Raids in the Animal Slaughtering and Processing Industry

By Pia M. Orrenius and Madeline Zavodny

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

The animal slaughtering and processing industry was the epicenter of work site immigration raids from 2006 to 2008 that were aimed at rooting out unauthorized immigrant workers in the United States. This study examines whether the industry shifted toward ...

Birthright Granted and Revoked: The Effects of Irish Citizenship Policy on Migrant Fertility

By Hisham Foad

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

I examine Ireland's experiment with birthright citizenship between 1999 and 2004. Critics argue that birthright citizenship may induce higher migrant fertility and threaten national identity. I find that migrants arriving during birthright citizenship had...

Black-Owned Firms, Financial Constraints, and the Firm Size Gap

By J. David Brown, John S. Earle, Mee Jung Kim, Kyung Min Lee, and Jared Wold

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

We document the smaller average employment size and lower financial access of Black-owned businesses compared to White-owned businesses. Controlling for other characteristics, we find that observed differences in finance account for 60 percent of the 11.3...

The 2021 Paycheck Protection Program Reboot: Loan Disbursement to Employer and Nonemployer Businesses in Minority Communities

By Robert Fairlie and Frank M. Fossen

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

We analyze how Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) funds were disbursed to minority communities in the $278 billion rebooted program in January 2021. Using administrative microdata covering all PPP loans, we find strong positive relationships between PPP lo...

Easier to Start, Harder to Succeed: Barriers to Black Entrepreneurship since the Great Recession

By Pedro Bento and Sunju Hwang

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

We use a structural framework to interpret trends related to Black entrepreneurship, and infer how race-specific barriers faced by Black entrepreneurs have changed since the Great Recession. While all barriers declined consistently before the Recession, w...

Self-Reporting Race in Small Business Loans: A Game-Theoretic Analysis of Evidence from PPP Loans in Durham, NC

By Raffi E. ³Ò²¹°ù³¦Ã­²¹ and William A. Darity Jr.

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

Using hand-collected race information about small business owners that concealed their race in Paycheck Protection Program applications, we find evidence that not disclosing race information in loan applications pays off significantly. Our results show th...

Youth Hiring and Labor Market Tightness

By Eliza C. Forsythe

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

It is well-known that recessions can lead to long-term scarring for young workers. I show that employers hire fewer young workers when there are few job openings per unemployed job seeker, while hiring rates for workers with more than 10 years of potentia...

Soft Skills in the Youth Labor Market

By Sara B. Heller and Judd B. Kessler

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

This paper provides new descriptive evidence about which soft skills employers value in young, entry-level workers. We ran employer surveys as part of an experiment to generate letters of recommendation for New York City's Summer Youth Employment Program ...

What's in a Job? Evaluating the Effect of Private Sector Employment Experience on Student Academic Outcomes

By Alicia Sasser Modestino, Urbashee Paul, and Joseph McLaughlin

òòò½Íø Papers and Proceedings, May 2022

Although subsidized summer jobs programs have been shown to improve youth outcomes, little is known about the effects of private sector employment experiences. We study a unique program that brokers employer-paid summer internships for youth across a vari...