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The Current Era of Health Care Consolidation

[Symposium: Competition in Health Care]

By Michael R. Richards and Christopher M. Whaley

Journal of Economic Perspectives, Spring 2026

Consolidation in the last few decades has reshaped the organization and structure of US health care markets, among both providers and insurers. Nearly all US hospital and insurer markets exceed established regulatory thresholds for competitive markets, an...

Physician Competition: Entry and Substitution

[Symposium: Competition in Health Care]

By Joshua D. Gottlieb and Sean Nicholson

Journal of Economic Perspectives, Spring 2026

We describe competition in the physician market, focusing on how entry barriers and substitution possibilities have changed in recent decades. Regulatory caps on medical school seats and residency slots—especially for high-paying specialties—continue ...

Regulated Competition in Health Insurance Markets on Two Sides of the Atlantic

[Symposium: Competition in Health Care]

By Lukas Kauer, Thomas G. McGuire, Sonja Schillo, and Richard C. van Kleef

Journal of Economic Perspectives, Spring 2026

Many high-income countries implement their policy of universal health insurance by individual health insurance in combination with regulated competition among insurers. Supported by public intervention, regulated competition can, in principle, address mar...

Understanding Medicaid Managed Care: The Procured Competition Model

[Symposium: Competition in Health Care]

By Mark Shepard and Jacob Wallace

Journal of Economic Perspectives, Spring 2026

Medicaid is one of the largest public programs in the United States—providing health insurance to over 75 million low-income Americans—and over three quarters of its enrollees receive care via private "managed care" insurers. In this article, we make ...

The Economics of Paid Sick Leave

By Stefan Pichler, Christopher Prinz, Stefan Thewissen, and Nicolas R. Ziebarth

Journal of Economic Perspectives, Spring 2026

This article examines the economics of paid sick leave from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. Research on paid sick leave has evolved dynamically over the last decade, primarily driven by the spread of US sick pay mandates, which have increased...

Procyclical Fiscal Policy and Asset Market Incompleteness

By ´¡²Ô»å°ùé²õ ¹ó±ð°ù²Ôá²Ô»å±ð³ú, Daniel Guzman, Ruy Lama, and Carlos ³Õé²µ³ó

òòò½Íø Journal: Macroeconomics

We study why government spending and tax policy are procyclical in emerging and developing economies. We develop a model of optimal fiscal policy over the business cycle with financial frictions, captured by asset market incompleteness and debt-elastic in...

Optimal Public Transportation Networks: Evidence from the World’s Largest Bus Rapid Transit System in Jakarta

By Gabriel Kreindler, Arya Gaduh, Tilman Graff, Rema Hanna, and Benjamin A. Olken

òòò½Íø Review

Designing public transport networks involves trade-offs between coverage, service frequency, and direct service. We use the expansion of the bus system in Jakarta, Indonesia, to study these trade-offs. We analyze how new direct connections, changes in ...