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Showing 18,101-18,120 of 18,159 items.

Leniency Designs: An Operator's Manual

[Symposium: Instrumental Variables]

By Paul Goldsmith-Pinkham, Peter Hull, and Michal °­´Ç±ô±ð²õá°ù

Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer 2026

We develop a step-by-step guide to leniency (a.k.a. judge or examiner instrument) designs, drawing on recent econometric literatures. The unbiased jackknife instrumental variables estimator (UJIVE) is purpose-built for leveraging exogenous leniency variat...

The Incidence of Tariffs: Rates and Reality

[Symposium: Tariffs]

By Gita Gopinath and Brent Neiman

Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer 2026

In 2025, statutory tariff rates on US imports rose to levels not seen in over one hundred years. What were the implications for prices? On the one hand, shipping lags, exemptions, and enforcement gaps kept the actual implemented rates at only half of the ...

US Tariff Policy since 1789

[Symposium: Tariffs]

By Miguel Acosta, Lydia Cox, Andrew Greenland, John Lopresti, Christopher M. Meissner, Martin Rotemberg, and Sharon Traiberman

Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer 2026

We use a newly assembled, tariff-line-level dataset spanning the full history of US trade policy to revisit the evolution of tariffs since 1789. We document the institutional shift from Congressional setting to multilateral negotiation, the steady growth ...

Should We Tax Trade? A Pigouvian Perspective

[Symposium: Tariffs]

By Arnaud Costinot and ±õ±¹Ã¡²Ô Werning

Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer 2026

We develop a simple and intuitive Pigouvian perspective on optimal trade policy. Our approach unifies a wide range of rationales for taxing trade, from the classical optimal tariff argument to contemporary debates about global carbon emissions and geopoli...

AI and Our Economic Future

[Symposium: Artificial Intelligence]

By Charles I. Jones

Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer 2026

Artificial intelligence (AI) will likely be the most transformative technology of the modern era. What if machines—AI for cognitive tasks and AI plus advanced robots for physical tasks—can perform every task a human can? This essay makes three main po...

The Emerging Market for Intelligence: How Firms Buy and Sell AI

[Symposium: Artificial Intelligence]

By Mert Demirer, Andrey Fradkin, and Nadav Tadelis

Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer 2026

We describe the emerging business-to-business market for large language model (LLM) inference and document key empirical patterns in its supply, pricing, and dynamics, using data from OpenRouter. First, supply has expanded rapidly: the number of commercia...

Global Imbalances, Tariffs, and Industrial Policy

[Symposium: Tariffs]

By Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas, Gene Kindberg-Hanlon, Manasa Patnam, Lorenzo Rotunno, and Michele Ruta

Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer 2026

Global imbalances denote the distribution of countries' current account balances, identically equal to the difference between two forward-looking aggregate variables: national saving and domestic investment. Industrial and trade policies have traditionall...